
Three Carlist Wars, a failed Republic, controversial Restoration, and the loss of the last remnants of Spain’s colonial empire to the rising United States left the country to enter the 20th century in humiliation and profound socio-political division.

The Spanish mainland is bordered to the South and East by the Mediterranean Sea to the North and Northeast by the Commune of France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay and to the West and Northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain (Spanish: España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state largely located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, with archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, as well as colonial possessions in Africa.
